How does Friiel use language and stagecraft Essay

Friels main concern, writing in the 1980s, seems to be the struggle for identity. One interpretation of the play is that Irish identity has been continually threatened since 1591. Friel writes his play in 1988 whilst living through Irish civil unrest during the troubles of northern island. By setting making history in 1951, friel is addressing time span and the struggle for identity that he may feel began with the English/Irish power struggle. The book centres on Hugh O’Neil, who is the Earl of Tyrone and at the start of the play is 41 years old. He is described as a ‘ private, sharp minded man’, and he is a good main character because he is an interesting person who has a lot of conflict in his life. Hugh O’Neil changing his accent from English/Irish to Tyrone, is a good use of a languageas he always speaks in an upper-class English accent accept on the occasions specifically scripted. The Tyrone accent usually happens when he is angry about something. ‘ Just to show him I haven’t reverted completely to type- would that be it’, Friel choosing to use this type of lanuguage shows that O’Neil is rebellious and is proud of his irish identity. The arguement between Mary and mabel in the garden shows how Mabels identity and alliegience has changed from English by Irish. This is shown when the two are discussing farming and is asked about the orchards and says ‘No, WE havent’. This use of language shows she conisders herself part of the irish identity. The use of stage craft in this scene shoes the intensity of Mary and Mables conversation ‘ speaks with concern and passion’. This further highlights the conflict between the English and and Irish and the struggle for Mary to accept Mabels new identity. Mabel and the baby’s death is a signifficant point in the play as it is a metaphor for the inabiliity of England and ireland being able to Co-exist peacefully, as the baby would have had both enlgish and irish blood in him.  The timeline from when the audience is first inroduced to hugh and then at the end of the play is a signifficant contrast and change to his identity. The stagecraft used shows this as he is described as being ‘volatile and bitter’ compared to the beginging of the play when he is described as ‘uncharacteristically outgoing and talkative’. Friel and lomabrd are both trying to create history, Friel with the play he wrote and lombard with his Biography of Hugh Oniels life. Lmbard tries to make Hugh appear to be a hero but this displeases hugh as he feels it is not his true identity.’ i dont trust you. i dont trust you to tell the truth’. Each part of the play highlilghts how brian friel has shown the struggle for identity through the use of language and stagecraft. The main use of language that friel has used to convey identity through language is the description of the characters and how each has struggled with thier identity. Potraying the characters in this way is a clever metaphor for the struggles ireland itself has had to go through to keep its identity. The clever use of stage craft and lighting symbolises the struggles ireland have continually faced throughout history. The way Friel describes hugh O’niel in later life, with his declining health and along with Mabel and the baby’s death, symbolises ireland loosing the struggle with england. The use of stage craft at the end of the play where it says ‘O’Neil is now crying. Bring down lights slowly’. is an effective end to the play as it symbolises the end of the struggle between ireland and england.

Plato's ideas of a philosopher and its relevance in modern politics Essay

Plato's ideas of a philosopher and its relevance in modern politics - Essay Example They have important knowledge and are capable of achieving perfect one. They have the ability to educate the society with the truth due to the fact that they simply love wisdom and even just the thought of having it. They want to learn many things and it does not conceal the fact that indeed they love to acquire much more wisdom and they are more knowledgeable than any other. Regarding this, there are three important questions this essay addresses: Why, according to Plato, are philosophers considered useless by the general public? Why does Plato think that they are (potentially) useful? If the general public thinks that philosophers are useless, can they ever be useful? The metaphor of the ship â€Å"Imagine then a fleet or a ship in which there is a captain, who is taller and stronger than any of the crew, but he is a little deaf and has a similar infirmity in sight, and his knowledge of navigation is not much better†1. In this statement, Plato tried to emphasize that someone who is able to lead should definitely has knowledge about everything he or she is doing. It is not just enough to have physical strength just like the captain in the metaphor as having characteristics such as being taller and stronger than any of the crew in the ship, but it is important that someone must be able to have perfect knowledge about its role in order to play it perfectly right in front of the public. Plato did not deny the fact that someone who has the responsibility to lead should have important physical characteristics to ensure strength and possession of ultimate power. However, what he wanted to stress out is the fact that knowledge is important because just like the captain of the ship, the entire vessels should head on to the right direction. In directing the vessel to the right direction, the captain should essentially have important background, experiences or knowledge about navigation. Most importantly, he has the ability to learn which is the thought strongly emphasized by Plato through the use of the body parts associated with learning such as the eyes and ears. Plato emphasized these basic parts of the body as important components in understanding things or everything about in the world. The general public â€Å"Now in vessels which are in a state of mutiny and by sailors who are mutineers, how will the true pilot be regarded? Will he not be called by them a prater, a star-gazer, a good-for-nothing?†2. This statement simply illustrates the general public’s treatment towards philosophers. In this statement, Plato regarded the general public as having argumentative attitudes towards correct ideals. It is presented in this situation that the general public has the freedom on how they would show their treatment towards philosophers in line with their role in directing people and leading them towards certain directions. The general public certainly does not want to make agreement with the philosopher when in fact he has the ab ility to think among any other and has the potential to lead and learn the knowledge about something else. Just like in the case of the captain in the metaphor of the ship in the â€Å"The Republic†, although he is definitely has the potential strength to lead the entire crew of the ship, Plato ironically wants to emphasize that someone remarkably needs to have knowledge and the right ideals about everything else as far as moving forward to the right direction is concerned. However, Plato just wanted to emphasize that the general

THE NOTION THAT THE SOVEREIGN TERRITORIAL STATE CAME TO DOMINATE Essay

THE NOTION THAT THE SOVEREIGN TERRITORIAL STATE CAME TO DOMINATE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS FOLLOWING THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA IS A MYTH - Essay Example Having begun in May 1618, the series of wars involving the Austrian Monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire and practically the whole Europe, which became known as the Thirty years’ War, was brought to an end by the Treaty of Westphalia, aka the Westphalian settlement – complex two-part parallel negotiations concluded in October 1648 (Williams, 1980; Watson, 1992). Osiander (2001) points out that, according to the standard view, the Thirty Years’ War had been a struggle between two main parties. On the one side there were the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish King, both being members of the Habsburg dynasty and loyal to the Pope and the Catholic Church (Osiander, 2001). On the other side there appeared the protestant kings of Denmark and Sweden, the King of France, Protestant German princes, the Dutch Republic etc., who presumably rejected the imperial power, along with the authority of the Pope, defending instead the sovereignty of all states (Osiander, 2001; Watson, 1992). The end of the Thirty Years’ War, as marked by the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, is widely regarded as the start point for of the international system (Osiander, 2001); Gross (1948), for example, writes that the Peace of Westphalia has had a lasting influence on international law and policy for over three centuries. In other words, as Watson (1992) points out, the Westphalian settlement not only legitimised â€Å"a commonwealth of sovereign states†, being a triumph of the state â€Å"in control of its internal affairs and independent externally†, but also was held to provide a fundamental and comprehensive charter for Europe. Nevertheless, there are rather different verdicts, like the one of Dame Veronica Wedgwood, stating that â€Å"the peace was totally ineffectual in settling the problems of Europe† (Watson, 1992). This paper reviews the achievements of the Treaty of Westphalia, which constituted the â€Å"Westphalian† system, or framework, with the concept of sovereignty at its core (Osiander, 2001), to establish whether it was so successful in bringing about a new world order that eventually brought about the birth of the United Nations. Historical Background The Holy Roman Empire was founded in the year 800 AD when the Frankish king, Charlemagne, was crowned by Pope Leo III (Wilson, 2011). Emperor Charlemagne greatly expanded the Empire’s territory to the east, especially along the Baltic shore; thus, by the late fifteenth century, the core area of the Empire covered that of modern Germany and Austria, as well as Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands (Wilson, 2011). The Empir e formally included Switzerland – although its exact constitutional position had been a matter of certain controversy – as well as the kingdom of Bohemia (the territory of present-day Czech Republic) with its dependencies of Moravia, Lusatia and Silesia; along with Lorraine, Alsace and other areas to the west (Wilson, 2011). Additionally, the cities and principalities of Northern Italy constituted a region known as Imperial Italy, which was formally part of the Empire (Wilson, 2011). The Catholic Church and the Pope had played a vital role in the Holy Roman Empire from its very inception, being the supreme authority in religious matters (Wilson, 2011; Munck, 2005). After the death of Emperor Charlemagne, the vast territory of the Holy Roman Empire had been divided into separate regions, namely Germany, France, and Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands (Wilson, 2011; Munck, 2005). During the following centuries, the composition of the Holy Roman Empire had been a loo se configuration of more than three hundred principalities, alongside nearly one thousand political units with quasi-autonomous power, including free imperial cities (Munck, 2005). Thus constituted, the Holy Roman Empire is described by some historians as an â€Å"

English Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Paper - Essay Example This can be forced or voluntary and can often have severe effects on the minority culture. Such effects may include the loss of unique traditions and or other cultural aspects. The assumption that assimilation may be considered necessary or even desirable demonstrates an ethnocentric view of the minority culture – that is, that they are judged according to the standards of the dominant culture. In the case of the Australian Aborigines, assimilation was initiated largely as a result of such ethnocentric views, as will be explained. The British colonists who arrived in Australia towards the end of the 18th century saw the Aboriginal people and their lifestyle as lazy and degenerate. Partly due to the unpredictable climate of their environment, the Aborigines had long ago chosen not to adopt an agricultural style of subsistence, instead opting for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. (Clarke 17) As a second consideration, agriculture is more demanding than the hunter-gatherer lifestyle, because cultivation and animal husbandry take up significant amounts of time. It never occurred to the British settlers that the natives had chosen their lifestyle for specific reasons. They simply saw the Aborigines as lazy people because they did not work all day. This label has persisted in the national consciousness of Australia and is still not completely eradicated in the present day (Clarke 18). Lingering attitudes such as these indicate that the incomplete understanding that began in the 18th century is still a part of modern Aus tralia. In the nineteenth century the welfare of the natives was not an issue in the minds of settlers, and they were often exploited as well. The following passage highlights not only practices of kidnapping and mutilation, but also the prevailing attitude of the settlers towards the natives: Aboriginal men and women were routinely kidnapped to

Wading Through the Thicket, Stemming Abuses Essay

Wading Through the Thicket, Stemming Abuses - Essay Example In theory, a director, holding as he does a position of trust, is a fiduciary of the corporation . As such, in cases of conflict of his interest with those of the corporation, he cannot sacrifice the latter without incurring liability for his disloyal act. The fiduciary duty has many ramifications, and the possible conflict of interest situations are almost limitless, each possibility posing different problems. There will be cases where a breach of trust is clear, as where a director converts for his own use funds or property belonging to the corporation, or accepts material benefits for exercising his powers in favor of someone seeking to do business with the corporation.  In many other cases, however, the line of demarcation between the fiduciary relationship and a director’s personal right is not easy to define. The law has attempted at least to lay down general rules of conduct and although these serve as guidelines for directors to follow, the determination as to whethe r in a given case the duty of loyalty has been violated has ultimately to be decided by the court on the case’s own merits.   What is clear, however, is that shareholder conflicts are prevalent in virtually all jurisdictions and the law has to formulate appropriate channels of redress in order to resolve these conflicts. As Miller   said: There is no surfeit of examples to demonstrate how minority shareholders and their interests can be prejudiced by the director or those with controlling interests in the corporation.

The Cheesecake Factory Marketing Plan Research Paper

The Cheesecake Factory Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that the Cheesecake Factory is one of the successful American stories. The company has bagged some awards like the 2010 Zagat award for best dessert and best salads, 2010 Halo gold award for the best cause marketing event, etc. The Cheesecake Factory is planning to expand its business over the next five years in around five countries such as United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Qatar in the Middle East and North Africa, Europe, Russia, and Turkey. The country where the Cheesecake Factory can trade in is Europe. Europe market is expected to grow at an annual growth rate of 0.37% in 2008-2011. The top companies are expected to supply at a rate of 23%. The largest market is Germany with a total share of 25%. The company deals in with bakery products. They produce good quality of cheesecakes and involve a lot of innovation in their products. The new product to be launched is the ‘Green Tea Cheesecake’. The company target market is people who love to have bakery products, dessert. The environment of the hotel is such which makes customers love the place and its offerings. It s target audience is consumers right from a kid to elders people. The US has always experienced a deficit in the bakery products. Its trade deficit was large with Canada and Europe. The condition improved in 2002 where the import value stood at $685 million. Since then the US market has been growing in terms of bakery products. Since the trade condition has improved, the company can take advantage and expand its business in countries where the trade conditions has improved. The company has been dealing in bakery products, and is planning to expand in other countries. The best option would be to expand in Europe. The company is a sole proprietary. It started of its business in the year 1978 and till date it has been among the top most company. The factory was started by Oscar and Evelyn Overton and eventually it was handed by their son David. David founded The Cheesecake Factory restaurant in Beverly Hills, California. Marketing Plan The European market produces 25millions of bread each year with the industrial plant share of 8 million tons. The craft bakers represent the bread production for about 48% of the total volume. The plant bakeries have a market share of 75% to 80% of market share. The fastest growing sector is the in store bakeries, as the retail market is booming and the retailers gain a market share (The Federation of Bakers, 2007). The retail bakery market in Europe was estimated to be 65.5 billion by 2000. There has been a variation in the European countries. In states like Italy and Sweden, the market grew from 12% to 17% in 2000. But in large markets like France and Germany, it grew only by 4% and 3% respectively. The per capita consumption in Europe is generally high as compared to other countries (Payne, 2003, p.25). There has been a good trend of bakery market in Europe. Thus the Cheesecake Factory would be able to adopt itself in the European market. The market has a good opportunity and the potential to grow is also high in the market. The industry is of bakery product, therefore there is no barrier to enter and exit. The European market is an open market. The barriers for entry are low. The European

Domain Bacteria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Domain Bacteria - Research Paper Example The relatedness between any two given metazoans such as a human and a slug is often much more than the relation between two bacteria species. They appear in a variety of shapes (rods, spirals, spheres, blogs and helical among others) and sizes ranging between 0.5 and 5.0 microns. Most bacteria are of one of three typical shapes, which include round/ball-shaped (coccus), rod-shaped (bacillus) and spiral-shaped (spirillum), with an additional group, vibrios, that appear as incomplete spirals. Scientists also characterize bacteria by their growth patterns such as the chains formed by streptococci. While some bacteria, mainly the spirillum and bacillus forms, are motile or swim about by whip-like movements of flagella, others have pili, rigid rod-like protuberances, which serve as tethers. Pili join pairs of bacteria together facilitating transfer of DNA between them. Some bacteria have short, hair-like, proteinaceous projections called fimbriae at the cell ends or over the entire surface, which enable the bacteria to adhere to surfaces. Depending on the bacteria species, flagella may be set in any of four ways, which includes the monotrichous form with a single flagellum at one end, the amphitrichous with a single flagellum at each bacterium end, the lophotrichous with two or more flagella at either or both bacterium ends and the peritrichous form with flagella distributed over the entire cell. Bacterial cells can exist as discrete individual cells or may group together in chains as in the case of rods and cocci. Cocci forms can also aggregate in clusters. They contain a cell envelope comprising of a capsule, the cell wall and a plasma lemma or plasma membrane and a cytoplasmic region, which contains the cell genome, ribosomes and various cell inclusions. Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall, which consists of a polymer of disaccharides that are cross-linked by peptides (short amino acid chains) forming a