Business Plan Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Plan Evaluation - Essay Example Cash flow would enable the business to determine the amount of money needed to keep the business going. To strengthen the weakest link identified, methods of control should be integrated in the business plan. For example, there should be a policy control that allocated expenditures should not go over beyond 5% of the budget. Income statement should also be included as well as the initial capital outlay so the business would know how much it would compensate before it consider itself profitable. These solutions are chosen because they would strengthen the business plan and achieve the best possible outcome. They are critical for the success of the business and ensure that results would go as plan as stated in the business plan. For example, instituting control avoid costs to overshoot could make the business inefficient and less competitive if neglected. Incorporating more financial statements such as project Income Statement would enable the company to determine if its performance is consistent to the business plan or if it is underperforming. Cash flow is critical for start-up businesses such Loco Loco Dance Club because it prevents the operation of the business to run out of cash which could make stop its

The Gap in Women's Education and Employment in Saudi Arabia Dissertation

The Gap in Women's Education and Employment in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The Global Gender Index was developed in 2006 as a method for measuring the gender gap in different states (Greiner 2011). The index puts together a number of indicators such as economic, education, political and health information as a means of measuring the gender gap. States registering a value near 1 will indicate gender equality while states with a 0 value reflect a wide gender gap (Greiner 2011). Saudi Arabia’s value is ranked at 0. 5713 overall. In terms of â€Å"economic participation and opportunity† Saudi Arabia’s is 132 out of 134 countries with a ranking of 0.3351 (Global Gender Index 2010, p. 9). In terms of â€Å"educational attainment† Saudi Arabia is 92 out of 134 countries with a ranking of 0.9739 (Global Gender Index 2010, p. 9). The Global Gender Index (2010) report is consistent with developments released by Booz & Company (2009). The report by Booz & Company (2009) indicates that the Saudi government has invested significant funds in public education and as a result has reduced the gender gap in terms of access to education. However, the educational opportunities for females are limited by virtue of course content and curriculum. At a result of these limitations employment opportunities for women are likewise limited (Booz & Company 2009). This research study examines the efforts made by the Saudi government to expand educational opportunities for all Saudis and how these opportunities have closed the gender gap, yet have failed to significantly reduce the employment gap among men and women. This research study is therefore divided into five parts. The first part of this research provides a literature review reflecting theories and assumptions relative to gender inequality generally and in terms of Islamic cultures. The second part of this research provides a factual background setting out demographics in terms of the female population, educational and employment statistics. The third part of the paper focuses specifically on education from both a theoretical and factual perspective. The fourth part of the paper focuses likewise on employment. The final part of the paper provides an analysis and conclusion relative to the findings presented in the previous parts of the research. I. Literature Review In an attempt to u nderstand the gender gap in employment and education in Saudi Arabia, it is necessary to examine theories and assu

Types of Tissue and Muscle

Types of Tissue and Muscle Muscle Muscle is one of the four fundamental types of tissue present in animals. It is a soft tissue primarily responsible to produce movement of a body part. Its cells convert the chemical energy of ATP into the mechanical energy of motion and exert a useful pull on another tissue. More specifically, muscle contraction serves the following overlapping functions: movement and contractile move of body contents in the course of respiration, circulation, digestion, defecation, urination, and childbirth. Stability by resisting the pull of gravity. Communication. As well as the control of body openings and passages. And finally, producing around 85% of our body heat, which is vital for the metabolism (Carey Carpenter, 2007). Classification There are three histological types of muscle—cardiac, smooth and skeletal—which differ in appearance, physiology, and function. The cardiac muscle is essentially limited to the heart, though it extends slightly into the nearby blood vessels. It is involuntary and striated because of the regular arrangement of their actin and myosin filaments. Its cells are much shorter, so they are commonly called myocytes, and are mononuclated (Saladin, 2003). The myocytes assemble branches of adjoining cells and form a network by attaching to each other in attachment points called intercalated discs that provide strong mechanical adhesions between adjacent cells. Smooth muscle lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells are usually long and spindle-shaped, and each fusiform cell has a single and centered nucleus (Purves et al., 2004). Small amounts of smooth muscle are found in the iris of the eye and in the skin, but most of it, called visceral muscle, forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, blood vessels, the uterus, and other viscersa (Alberts et al., 2008). The skeletal muscle type is of special interest of this thesis and will be further studied in the following sections. Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscles are, as the name implies, are bound to the skeleton by means of tendons, which means that they are volitional. It is composed of both muscular tissue and connective. A skeletal muscle cell (muscle fiber) is about 10 to 100m in diameter and 30 cm long. It is surrounded by a sparse layer of areolar connective tissue called the endomysium, which allows room for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber. Muscle fibers are grouped in bundles called fascicles, which are visible to the naked eye as parallel strands. Each fascicle is separated from neighboring ones by a connective tissue sheath called the perimysium, usually somewhat thicker than the endomysium. The muscle as a whole is surrounded by still another connective tissue layer, the epimysium. The epimysium grades imperceptibly into connective tissue sheets called fasciae, deep fasciae between adjacent muscles and a superficial fascia (hypodermis) between the muscles and skin. It is described as striated and voluntary (Saladin, 2003). Structure The skeletal muscle tissue consists of long and cylindrical cells called muscle fibers, which are actually huge single cells that form during development by the fusion of many separate cells, called myoblasts. Each cell contains multiple nuclei adjacent to the plasma membrane, and they are about 10 to 100m in diameter and 30 cm long. The bulk of the cytoplasm inside is made up of myofibrils, which is the name given to the basic contractile elements of the muscle cell. Within each myofibril are thin actin filaments and thick specific muscle isoforms of myosin II filaments (Alberts et al., 2008). Myosin filaments are bundles of molecules with globular heads and polypeptide tails. Actin filaments consist of two chains of actin monomers twisted together. They are wrapped by chains of the polypeptide tropomyosin and studded at intervals with another protein, troponin. In most regions of the myofibril, each thick myosin filament is surrounded by six thin actin filaments, and conversely, each thin actin filament sits within a triangle of three thick myosin filaments. The myofibril consists of repeating units, called sarcomeres, which are the units of contraction, built up of approximately 2.2 microns in length. Each sarcomere is made of overlapping filaments of actin and myosin, which create a distinct band pattern. As the muscle contracts, the sarcomeres shorten, and the appearance of the band pattern changes. Each sarcomere is bounded by Z-lines, which are structures that anchor the thin actin filaments. Centered in the sarcomere is the A-band, which contains all the myosin filaments. The H-zone and the I-band, are regions where actin and myosin filaments do not overlap in the relaxed muscle. The dark stripe within the H-zone is called the M-band; it contains proteins that help hold the myosin filaments in their regular arrangement. The bundles of myosin filaments are held in a centered position within the sarcomere by a protein called titin. Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle also contain sarcomeres, although the organization is not as regular as that in skeletal muscle (Alberts et al., 2008; Purves et al., 2004.). The plasma membrane, called the sarcolemma has tunnel-like infoldings called transverse (T) tubules that penetrate through the fiber and emerge on the other side. The function of a T tubule is to carry an electrical current from the surface of the cell to the interior when the cell is stimulated. Most other organelles of the cell, such as mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are located between adjacent myofibrils. The sarcoplasm also contains an abundance of glycogen, which provides stored energy for the muscle to use during exercise, and a red pigment called myoglobin, which binds oxygen until it is needed for muscular activity. The smooth ER of a muscle fiber is called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It forms a network around each myofibril, and alongside the T tubules it exhibits dilated sacs called terminal cisternae. The SR is a reservoir for calcium ions; it has gated channels in its membrane that can release a flood of calcium into the cytosol, where the calcium a ctivates the muscle contraction process (Saladin, 2003). Muscle contraction For contraction to occur, an action potentials spreads from the end plate and when it reaches the T tubules, it continues down them into the sarcoplasm. Action potentials open voltage-regulated ion gates in the T tubules. These are physically linked to calcium channels in the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), so gates in the SR open as well and calcium ions diffuse out of the SR, down their concentration gradient and into the cytosol. The calcium ions bind to the troponin of the thin filaments. The troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape and shifts to a new position. This exposes the active sites on the actin filaments and makes them available for binding to myosin heads; the myosin heads must have an ATP molecule bound to it to initiate the contraction process. Myosin ATPase, an enzyme in the head, hydrolyzes this ATP. The energy released by this process activates the head, which â€Å"cocks† into an extended, high-energy position. The head temporarily keeps the ADP and phosphate group bound to it. The cocked myosin binds to an active site on the thin filament. Myosin releases the ADP and phosphate and flexes into a bent, low-energy position, tugging the thin filament along with it. This is called the power stroke. The head remains bound to actin until it binds a new ATP. Upon binding more ATP, myosin releases the actin. It is now prepared to repeat the whole process—it will hydrolyze the ATP, recock (the recovery stroke), attach to a new active site farther down the  thin filament, and produce another power stroke (Saladin, 2003). Classes of muscle fibers Not all muscle fibers are metabolically alike or adapted to perform the same task. Some respond slowly but are relatively resistant to fatigue, while others respond more quickly but also fatigue quickly. Indeed, skeletal muscles can be divided into fast and slow twitch fibers and its myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression. Type I (MHC-I): Also called slow oxidative (SO) or slow-twitch. These fibers have relatively abundant mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries, and therefore a relatively deep red color. They are well adapted to aerobic respiration, which does not generate lactic acid. Thus, these fibers do not fatigue easily. However, in response to a single stimulus, they exhibit a relatively long twitch, lasting about 100 milliseconds (msec). Type II (MHC-II): Also called fast glycolytic (FG) or fast-twitch. They are well adapted for quick responses but not for fatigue resistance. They are rich in enzymes of the phosphagen and glycogen–lactic acid systems. Their sarcoplasmic reticulum releases and reabsorbs Ca2 quickly, which partially accounts for their quick, forceful contractions. They are relatively pale (white fibers). These fibers produce twitches as short as 7.5 msec, but because of the lactic acid they generate, they fatigue more easily than SO fibers. Some authorities recognize two subtypes of FG fibers called types MHC-IIA and MHC-IIB. Type IIB is the common type just described, while IIA, or intermediate fibers, combine fast-twitch responses with aerobic fatigue-resistant metabolism. Type IIA fibers, however, are relatively rare except in some endurance-trained athletes (Saladin, 2003). Notably, human skeletal muscle does not contain MHCIIb (Spangenburg and Booth, 2003; Schiaffino and Reggiani, 1994; Smerdu et al., 1994). In addition, ‘‘hybrid’’ fibers containing two MHC isoforms (i.e., type I/IIA, IIAX, IIXB) can also be present in muscle (Schiaffino and Reggiani, 1994; Staron and Pette, 1993). The fiber types can be differentiated histologically by using stains for certain mitochondrial enzymes and other cellular components, like using immunohistochemical procedures with antibodies against the specific MHC isoforms (Schiaffino et al., 1989; Lucas et al., 2000). All muscle fibers of one motor unit belong to the same physiological type. Nearly all muscles are composed of both SO and FG fibers, but the proportions of these fiber types differ from one muscle to another. Muscle myogenesis Vertebrate skeletal myogenesis proceeds through three stages: determination of the muscle progenitor cells, called myoblasts; proliferation and in some cases migration of myoblasts; and their terminal differentiation into mature muscle by fusing to form multinucleated myotubes (Buckingham et al., 2003; Shi and Garry, 2006). Muscle development Muscle tissuesare derived from themesodermallayer of embryonicgerm cellsin a process known asmyogenesis. All muscles are derived fromparaxial mesoderm [8].The paraxial mesoderm is divided along the embryos length intosomites, corresponding to thesegmentationof the body.Muscle cells come from two cell lineages in the myotome somite, the epimere and hypomere, which formepaxialandhypaxialmuscles, respectively. Most muscles are hypaxial. During development,myoblasts either remain in the somite to form muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation ofconnective tissueframeworks, usually formed from the somaticlateral plate mesoderm.Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongate skeletal muscle cells (Sweeney, 1997). Muscle differentiation Muscle fibersform from the fusion ofmyoblastsinto multi-nucleated fibers calledmyotubes. In the early development of an embryothese myoblasts will proliferate if enoughfibroblast growth factor(FGF) is present, without differentiating. When these factors are depleted, the myoblasts cease division and secretefibronectinonto theirextracellular matrix and bind to it through _5ÃŽ ²1 integrin, their major fibronectin receptor (Menko and Boettiger 1987; Boettiger et al. 1995). The second stage involves the alignment of the myoblasts together into chains and subsequently into myotubes. This step is mediated by cell membrane glycoproteins, including several cadherins and CAMs (Knudsen 1985: Knudsen et al. 1990). Recognition and alignment between cells takes place only if the two cells are myoblasts. However, identity of the species is not critical (Yaffe and Feldman, 1965). The third stage is the actual cell fusion itself. In this stage,calciumions are critical for development (Shainberg et al. 1969; David et al. 1981). Fusion is mediated by a set of metalloproteinasescalledmeltrins (e.g., c-Met).Myocyte enhancer factors(MEFs) promote myogenesis.Serum response factor(SRF) plays a central role during myogenesis, being required for the expression of striated alpha-actin genes (Wei et al., 1998).Expression of skeletalalpha-actinis also regulated by theandrogen receptor; steroids can thereby regulate myogenesis (Vlahopoulos et al., 2005). The specific extracellular signals that induce determination of each group of myoblasts are expressed only transiently. These signals trigger production of intracellular factors that maintain the myogenic program after the inducing signals are gone. We discuss the identification and functions of these myogenic proteins, and their interactions, in the next several sections. Muscle-specific transcription factors Pax family Satellite cells and proliferating myoblasts is characterized by the expression of Pax-genes, more specifically Pax7 and Pax3, which are transcription factors that regulate proliferation. Back to the developmental stage, in the lateral portion of the somite, which forms the hypaxial muscles, factors from the surrounding environment induce the Pax3 transcription factor. In the absence of other inhibitory transcription, Pax3 then activates the genes encoding two muscle-specific transcription factors, Myf5 and MyoD. In the medial region of the somite, which forms the epaxial muscles, MyoD is induced through a slightly different pathway[1]. Pax7 residing satellite cells proliferating stage and Pax7 knockout mice completely lack satellite cells (Seale et al., 2000). Cells expressing Pax7 is believed to be important for the regeneration of myoblasts. Also the expression of Pax3 has negative effect on the differentiation and it has been shown that this transcription factor is down-regulated in muscle by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation before differentiation can proceed (Boutet et al., 2007). Pax genes have been shown to regulate the proliferation and survival even of certain cancers such as melanoma (Muratovska et al., 2003). Pax transcription factors are downregulated upon further differentiation and other proteins predominate. Meanwhile Pax3 _____, Pax7 appears only in muscle stem cells (___). MyoD family Muscle cells come from two cell lineages in the somite. In both instances, paracrine factors instruct the myotome cells to become muscles by inducing them to synthesize the MyoD proteins (Maroto et al. 1997; Tajbakhsh et al. 1997). Or also called the myogenic bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) proteins. The proteins of this family all bind to similar sites on the DNA and activate muscle-specific genes (e.g. the muscle-specific creatine phosphokinase gene by binding to the DNA immediately upstream from it, or the chicken muscle acetylcholine receptor) (Lassar et al. 1989; Piette et al. 1990). MyoD and Myf5 belong to this family and are particularly important for muscle differentiation [2]. Their important role during differentiation is supported by the MyoD-/-/Myf-5-/- mice lacking fully developed skeletal muscle (Rudnicki et al., 1993). Myf-5 promotes myoblasts’ proliferation and is required for the cells to initiate differentiation (Ustanina et al., 2007). Absence of MyoD inhibits differentiation in cell culture and the protein is therefore considered to be a positive regulator of the process (Sabourin et al., 1999). While Pax3 is found in several other cell types, the myogenic bHLH proteins are specific for muscle cells. Any cell making a myogenic bHLH transcription factor such as MyoD or Myf5 is committed to becoming a muscle cell. Myogenic regulatory factors (proper name?) Later than the MyoD proteins expression during differentiation, the myogenin and the myogenic regulatory factor 4 (MRF4) are present. Mice with deleted myogenin in developing myoblasts can start the differentiation process but they cannot move and die soon after birth (Hasty et al., 1993). Among other things, this suggests that myogenin is required at a later stage of the process. Similarly, MRF4 is important for the growth of muscle tissue (Rhodes and Konieczny, 1989). It is noted that the MEF2 family of transcription factors also regulate differentiation (Olson et al., 1995), but their functions are not described in this context. In summary, Pax transcription factors help to sustain it from the stem cell stage of satellite cells, MyoD and Myf-5 act as myogenic determinants in the myoblast’s diet, and myogenin and MRF4 are known as regulators of the later differentiation and muscle fiber formation (Pallari, 2011). Other factors Although some factors that induce differentiation remain unknown, some growth factors and signaling molecules have been shown to regulate the process. Notch signaling is important in animal embryonic development, in that it participates in the cell fate determination (Alberts et al., 2008). Notch has a dual role of myoblasts in that the protein has an inhibitory effect on myoblasts differentiation (Shawber et al., 1996) and simultaneously stimulates their proliferation (Conboy and Rando, 2002). The chemoattractant SDF-1 also has an inhibitory effect on myoblasts differentiation and stimulates their proliferation by activation of the PKCÃŽ ¶ (Ãâ€"demiÃ…Å ¸ et al., 2007). Moreover, differentiation requires the expression and activity of cyclindependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors, such as p21 and p27, critical for the withdrawal of myoblasts from the cell cycle (Kitzmann and Fernandez, 2001). To fully understand the factors that regulate, activate and inhibit satellite cells and their differentiation requires even much research (Kuang and Rudnicki, 2007; Shi and Garry, 2006.). [1] developmental biology Scott gilbert [2] developmental biology Scott gilbert

The Best in Style :: Writing Writers Essays

The Best in Style ‘Style’ is an idea that can mean different things to different people. Some like to define it in terms of ‘being one's self’ and going against the norm. But after reading two prominent style guides, "Style Towards Clarity and Grace," and "The Elements of Style," I began to form a different view on the subject as it pertains to writing. When attempting ‘good style’ and ‘good writing,’ writers should try to be original and not follow every rule religiously, but still follow some common writing elements. Many can increase usability for readers. A writer could make something completely unique and the only one who'd ‘get it’ might be himself. In "Style," John M. Williams says it this way: "But however well a writer understands principles, it is not enough for those who also want to articulate that understanding to others"(2). Unless we're writing in a diary, we write to ‘talk’ to other people and the style rules aid in this. That is where the style manuals come. They both outline many useful elements, but at the same time contain some that aren't needed by everyone. The first of these manuals is "The Elements of Style." Of the two manuals read in the class, this one had the least information yet the highest usability. It outlines grammar, usage, and style elements into simple paragraphs lead by headers. The approach sacrifices the depth that's offered in "Style," but allows for quicker referencing. The first section of "Elements" outlines most of the common usage and grammar rules. Some examples are "Use proper case of proper noun," and "Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list†¦"(Struck and White 7-9). Some would find these rules obvious or tedious. They don't guarantee great writing or style, but its less likely that you'll make useable writings without them. Seamless grammar alone aids the flow of reading. Multiple errors might slow the reader down and divert focus to the errors rather than the main point. Even after years of college, its not uncommon to find usage and grammar mistakes in some of my own papers; therefo re, I could use much of what's in here. The next section of "Elements" talks about principles of composition. It's similar to the usage section in that nothing alone listed will create great writing, but following some rules will make better writing more likely to happen.

Mistreatment of Native Americans Essay

Land; is this a good enough reason for the mistreatment of Native Americans? Invading their lands, killing their people, breaking treaties, sending them to reservations; all this for land? The U.S. government has done many cruel and unfair things in the past, but this must rank among one of the most. It is through their sufferings and misfortunes that Native Americans are entitled to compensation from the U.S. government. Native Americans had been an old culture in America 2000 years ago. The first British settlers, the Jackson Administration, and the Westward expansion had no right to remove the Native Americans from their land. Nor did they have the right to attack Native Americans and start wars against them for land. What if aliens from another planet were to come to take over Earth because they needed our land and resources? How would we react and feel?In the process of taking their lands, Native Americans were highly discriminated against and mistreated. They were forced out of their lands, sometimes without a notice in advance, and had to take long journeys to reservations unprepared. An example of this harsh treatment was when President Jackson in the 1820’s demanded the removal of the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia and sent them to reservations in Oklahoma and Arkansas. Their journey from their homeland to the reservations was known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† in which 4,000 died of starvation, disease, or exposure. As if being relocated once from their homelands to reservations isn’t bad enough, Native Americans were often forced out of reservations and pushed even farther West due to broken treaties by the U.S government and expansion. The government was unfair in most of its treaties and often did not follow through with them. The Dawes Act, for example, gave each family 160 acres of land to cultivate and after a probation period of 25 years, Native Americans would be granted ownership of land and United States Citizenship. The problem with this act was that the Native Americans were nomads and therefore could not stay at a given area for a long period of time because their source of food, buffalo, was on the constant move. The U.S. government knew this and knew that the Native Americans could not stay there for 25 years, once again setting them up. In the past 200 years, Native Americans have been stripped of their land, rights, and dignity. They have witnessed the deaths of their own brothers and sisters and have become a minority in the U.S. today. They were once a proud nation of people, but today they have the highest suicide rate and lowest life expectancy. This is all in part thanks to the U.S. government and Native Americans are entitled to compensation.

Certainty and Doubt

Certainty is a pleasurable feeling to have. We often times take these feelings for granted and do not realize that nothing in the world is a hundred percent certain. Many are convinced that certainty allows one to achieve dreams and desires; but this is untrue. Many do not realize that just because something has not been proven wrong, does not mean it is necessarily true. The intelligence to have a certain amount of doubt regarding everything is truly a blessing to have. Doubt allows us to make discoveries and motivates us to achieve greatness, while certainty can on courage complacency.However, with both, a person can uncover an excess amount of greatness within oneself. Through doubting of the accepted logic of society, many have risen to greatness by discovery in the past. Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, and Christopher Columbus are all pioneers that led the world to new discoveries on different frontiers. From the creation of the light bulb and the telephone, to the discove ry of the new world, these well-known men of action had begun their journey based on their individual doubts.Due to their doubts, these men were able to make such breakthroughs that they changed the whole world. Without the doubt of the general knowledge of the time, these men would have amounted to something less than what they are given credit for today. Although, having too much doubt can lead to distrust, a person who completely lacks in doubt is considered extremely gullible. In order to avoid gullibility, you must have an amount of doubt on specific subject. Within high school, there are many lies and rumors spread throughout the student body.To avoid gullibility in this particular environment, one must start by searching for the truth. Having doubts on the rumors that are spread throughout the student body can reveal what is the truth. On the other hand, acquiring an excessive amount of doubt can lead to distrust and misunderstandings amongst one’s peers. Doubt can oft entimes be just as polluting to the mind as gullibility. Being doubtful could lead to stress-related health problems such as paranoia and anxiety.We oftentimes do not realize the depth of seriousness of stress that doubt could lead to and we tend to brush it away without giving it recognition. Just like doubt, some certainty in moderation contributes to peace of mind, just as doubt would. Certainty itself is birthed from doubt. It is from ones doubts that a person gains their individual certainty. Without doubt, certainty would never be reached. Many had doubted Thomas Edison when he had attempted to invent the light bulb. It is because that Edison had doubted their beliefs that he had certainty within his own.It was because of this combination of doubt and certainty that Edison was able to progress the discovery of the light bulb. Having one without the other, it would have been nearly impossible for most leaps and bounds in any field of discovery. However, by having both, a person can have the motivation to explore the unknown world. By having doubt in another’s ideals can give a person purpose to search for another explanation. And by having certainty in one’s own beliefs, due to doubt, a person has the self-confidence to make the steps necessary to achieve their goal.A balance of both could lead to plethora potential in any area of ideals and concepts. To achieve one’s goals, it is certain that doubt is a major contribution to success. Having doubt is a great motivator to acquire, but an abundant amount could lead to paranoia and anxiety. Being certain on a specific subject can lead to peace of mind, but it also can prevent society world from feeling the need to make new discoveries. Both of these states of mind are needed to truly unlock one’s own potential and imagination.

Sociology Coursework Help

Sociology Coursework Help Sociology Coursework Help Sociology Coursework Help: Order Custom Writing If you are in need of professional sociology coursework help, you have found the right place to get assistance with writing. Our team of coursework writers is able to handle the most challenging assignments and help you with writing your coursework even if you have to submit the final draft tomorrow morning! The following sociology coursework excerpt is written by one of our experienced writers. If want to get a well-written sociology coursework free of mistakes and in full accordance to instruction points, you should try our custom writing services. We are open 24/7 and we can definitely handle any assignment, within any deadline, and on any topic! In addition, you may review free sample Much Ado About Nothing coursework and read tips on writing business studies coursework. Our paper writing blog includes numerous tips on term papers and reports, essays and dissertations, and all other types of academic assignments! Sociology Coursework Help: Read Excerpt Sociology is a field of study that is more than just a couple of college courses and text books full of abstract theories. Although many other areas of study also are applicable outside the classroom, sociology is one that truly permeates every aspect of life. It is no surprise that many people are now turning to sociology to better understand their lives, careers, and everyday interactions. Many people are realizing that sociology is more than just that required undergraduate college course that they didn't think would ever apply to their life or help advance their career. Karen Jensen explains in the book Careers in Sociology by W. Richard Stephens that I wasn't much interested in the social sciences. I saw my future in medicine, as a nurse (Karen Jensen as quoted by Stephens, 28). Karen later realized though that in order to better understand her professional surroundings and organization she needed to reconsider sociology as a possible and rewarding area of study. Karen says she found in organizational sociology a helpful understanding, or framing, of the work issues (Karen Jensen as quoted by Stephens, 28). Considering that sociology is the study of people and society, it is applicable in almost any person's life and career. Everyone can benefit from learning about sociology and understanding the social aspects of their own organization, coworkers, and, of course, themselves: People have found their way to sociology in numerable ways, which is what the book Careers in Sociology accurately illustrates. Some people reviewed in the book knew right away that their careers would come out of their love for sociology, whether it was a career doing statistical studies or doing social service work in the community. Whatever the career outcome may be, many people started with an interest in sociology in school that lead them into to a certain career. Other people, however, found sociology only after they had already advanced in a career or another area of study. For many, sociology offered something that was needed in their careers or education, whether it was statistical research methods, understanding work organization, or applying theory. Read also: MBA Essay Help Law School Admission Essay Statement of purpose essay Scholarship Application Essay College Essay Helper

Spanish Words for Whoever, Wherever, and Whenever

Spanish Words for Whoever, Wherever, and Whenever Spanish has several words ending in -quiera that are the rough equivalent of English words ending in -ever, although they are often used in slightly different ways. Common Words Ending in -quiera dondequiera, sometimes shortened to doquiera (wherever)adondequiera (to wherever)comoquiera, often spelled as como quiera (in whatever way, however)cualquiera, sometimes used in the plural form cualesquiera (whichever, whatever, any)quienquiera, sometimes used in the plural form quienesquiera (whoever, whomever, anyone)cuandoquiera (whenever) The -quiera suffix is obviously derived from the verb querer. The -quiera words can be used as various parts of speech, depending on the context. When used as an adjective before a singular, masculine noun, through the process of apocopation, the ending becomes -quier, as in cualquier hombre, whichever man. Example Sentences Dondequiera que voy, reviso mi correo electrà ³nico. (Wherever I go, I check my e-mail.) Dondequiera que yo vaya, mi amigo va conmigo. (Wherever I go, my friend goes with me. As in this and the preceding example, dondequiera is frequently followed by the relative pronoun que. Although it is common to use the subjunctive mood with this sentence construction, it is not always mandatory.) Y salà ­a David adondequiera que Saà ºl le enviaba. (And David went away to wherever Saul sent him. Adondequiera is used when suggesting a destination. Adondequiera has the same relationship to dondequiera that adà ³nde has to dà ³nde.) Comoquiera que sea, gracias por tu amable comentario. (Whatever comes of it, thanks for your friendly comment.) Comoquiera que no estaba yo muy convencido, me fui. (Since I wasnt especially convinced, I left. When comoquiera que is followed by a verb in the indicative mood, it often means because or since.) Este programa puede convertir videos de cualquier formato a cualquier formato. (This program can convert videos from any format to any other format. Note that whatever could be informally substituted for any in the translation.) Existen cientos de carreras profesionales, y estudiar cualquiera de ellas tiene sus ventajas y desventajas. (There are hundreds of careers, and studying any of them has advantages and disadvantages.) Cualquiera que estudie este libro va a aprender cosas que le van a ser muy à ºtiles en su vida. (Anyone who studies this book will learn things that will be very useful in his or her life. Cualquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.) En cualesquiera circunstancias, la mente siempre encontrar algo para que no seas feliz. (In any circumstance, the mind will always find something so you arent happy. The Spanish is an example of the plural form, although it is translated as singular in English.) Quienquiera que seas, no importa. (Whoever you are, it doesnt matter. Quienquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.) Nuestro movimiento est abierto a quienquiera. (Our movement is open to anyone.) Cuandoquiera que dos o tres alcohà ³licos se reà ºnan en interà ©s de la sobriedad, podrn llamarse un grupo de A.A. (Whenever two or three alcoholics get together in the interest of sobriety, they will be able to call themselves an AA group. Cuandoquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood, although sometimes the indicative mood is used when referring to an event that regularly occurs.) Puedes llamarme por celular cuandoquiera. (You can call me by cell phone at any time.) Translating to Spanish Be aware that while it usually works to translate Spanish -quiera words as English -ever words, the reverse isnt always true. In other words, the -ever words of English are more versatile than the -quiera words of Spanish. For example, whoever sometimes has basically the same meaning as who but is used mainly for emphasis. Thus Whoever is calling you? would better be translated simply as  ¿Quià ©n te llama? rather than using some form of quienquiera. Also, whatever also is used in numerous ways. Where whatever is the equivalent of any, it often can be translated using cualquiera. For example, You can be whatever type of woman you want to be could be translated as Puedes ser cualquier tipo de mujer que quieres ser. But when it is used to express indifference, you might translate it using something as no importa, which literally means it isnt important. Key Takeaways Common Spanish words ending in -quiera include dondequiera (wherever), comoquiera (however), cualquiera (whichever), quienquiera (whoever), and cuandoquiera (whenever).Sometimes the -quiera words are followed by que and a verb in the subjunctive mood.When used as an adjective before a singular, masculine noun, the -quiera ending changes to -quier.

Joan Benoit - Marathon Runner

Joan Benoit - Marathon Runner Joan Benoit Facts: Known for: winning Boston Marathon (twice), womens marathon at 1984 OlympicsDates: May 16, 1957 -Sport: track and field, marathonCountry Represented: USAAlso known as: Joan Benoit Samuelson Olympic Gold Medal: 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, womens marathon. Notable especially because: it was the first time the modern Olympics games included a marathon for womenBenoit had knee surgery 17 days before the eventshe beat the reigning womens world champion, Grete Waitzher time was the third best ever for a woman Boston Marathon Wins: First place 1979: time 2:35:15Won 1983 Boston Marathon: time 2:22:42 Joan Benoit Biography: Joan Benoit started running when, at fifteen, she broke a leg skiing, and used running as her rehabilitation. In high school she was a successful competitive runner. She continued with track and field in college, Title IX giving her more opportunities for college sports than she might otherwise have had. Boston Marathons Still in college, Joan Benoit entered the Boston Marathon in 1979. She got caught in traffic on the way to the race, and ran two miles to get to the starting point before the race began. Despite that extra running, and starting at the back of the pack, she pulled ahead and won the marathon, with a time of 2:35:15. She returned to Maine to finish her last year of college, and attempted to avoid the publicity and interviews that she disliked so much. Beginning in 1981, she coached at Boston University. In December of 1981, Benoit had surgery on both Achilles tendons, to try to cure recurring heel pain. The following September, she won a New England marathon with a time of 2:26:11, a record for women, beating a previous record by 2 minutes. In April of 1983, she entered the Boston Marathon again. Grete Waitz had set a new world record for women the day before at 2:25:29. Allison Roe of New Zealand was expected to win; she had come in first among the women in the 1981 Boston Marathon. The day provided excellent weather for running. Roe dropped out because of leg cramps, and Joan Benoit beat Waitz record by more than 2 minutes, at 2:22:42. This was good enough to qualify her for the Olympics. Still shy, she was gradually getting used to the inevitability of publicity. A challenge was raised to Benoits marathon record: it was claimed that she had an unfair advantage from pacing, because mens marathon runner Kevin Ryan ran with her for 20 miles. The records committee decided to let her record stand. Olympic Marathon Benoit began training for the Olympics trials, which would be held on May 12, 1984. But in March, her knee gave her problems which an attempt at rest did not solve. She tried an anti-inflammation drug, but that also did not resolve the knee problems. Finally, on April 25, she had arthroscopic surgery on her right knee. Four days after surgery, she began running, and on May 3, ran for 17 miles. She had more problems with her right knee and, from compensating for that knee, her left hamstring, but she ran in the Olympic trials anyway. By mile 17, Benoit was in the lead, and though her legs continued to be tight and painful for the last miles, she came in first at 2:31:04, and so despite being just weeks out of surgery qualified for the Olympics. She trained over the summer, usually in the heat of the day anticipating a hot run in Los Angeles. Grete Waitz was the expected winner, and Benoit aimed to beat her. The first womens marathon at a modern Olympics was held August 5, 1984. Benoit sped up early, and no one else could overtake her. She finished at 2:24:52, the third best time for a womens marathon and the best in any all-women marathon. Waitz won the silver medal, and Rosa Mota of Portugal won the bronze. After the Olympics In September she married Scott Samuelson, her college sweetheart. She continued to try to avoid publicity. She ran the Americas Marathon in Chicago in 1985, with a time of 2:21:21. In 1987, she ran the Boston Marathon again this time she was three months pregnant with her first child. Mota took first. Benoit didnt participate in the 1988 Olympics, focusing instead on parenting her new infant. She did run the 1989 Boston Marathon, coming in 9th among the women. In 1991, she again ran the Boston Marathon, coming in 4th among the women. In 1991, Benoit was diagnosed with asthma, and back problems kept her from the 1992 Olympics. She was by then the mother of a second child In 1994, Benoit won the Chicago Marathon in 2:37:09, qualifying for the Olympic trials. She placed 13th in the trials for the 1996 Olympics, with a time of 2:36:54. In the trials for the 2000 Olympics, Benoit placed ninth, at 2:39:59. Joan Benoit has raised money for the Special Olympics, Bsotons Big Sisters program and for multiple sclerosis. She has also been one of the runners voices on the Nike running system. More Awards: Ms. Magazine Woman of the Year 1984Amateur Sportswoman of the Year 1984 (shared award), from the Womens Sports FederationSullivan Award, 1986, from the Amateur Athletic Union, for best amateur athlete Education: public high school, MaineBowdoin College, Maine: graduated 1979graduate school: North Carolina State University Background, Family: Mother: Nancy BenoitFather: Andre Benoit Marriage, Children: husband: Scott Samuelson (married September 29, 1984)children: Abigail and Anders

The Determinants of Health from a Historical Perspective Essay

The Determinants of Health from a Historical Perspective - Essay Example But this favorable outcome.... had to be devised with the aid of medical science and fought for politically. It could only be achieved if the serious health challenges brought on by economic change, industrial wage labor, and urban living were met with the appropriate political resolution to implement far-reaching preventive health measures, requiring the deployment of substantial social and economic resources...."( Szreter ,1997) In order to understand the health improvement and its causes it is necessary to look at the dismal situation in terms of disease, infant mortality, quality of food, filth in the surroundings and the work environment in 19th century Britain through a snapshot created from documented history: The most life-threatening hazard facing city-dwelling Victorians is cholera, closely followed by typhoid fever and typhus. Four epidemics of cholera - in 1831/32, 1848/49, 1853/54 and 1866 - kill about 140,000 people, with more than 60,000 perishing in the second epidemic alone. ....In London, there are still open cesspools, and the sewers run straight into the Thames..... Urban workers are stunted in growth and afflicted by debilitating diseases such as rickets, tuberculosis and bronchitis. Long hours of toil and poor diet weakens their resistance. .....much of the food consumed by the working classes is adulterated by foreign substances, contaminated by chemicals or fouled by animal and human excrement. The infant mortality rates in the.... inner city rates were dramatically higher, 300 deaths per thousand on average .... Puerperal fever...was the main cause of death in childbirth during the 19th century....patients under a doctor's care have only a 50% chance of being better off than if they and their diseases had been left alone. ( McVeigh,2000) This then, is the situation in which most of industrial Britain found itself in the beginning of the 19th century, and we first examine how developments in medicine and hygienic concepts facilitated improvements in health standards. To our 21st century perceptions, the answers must seem pretty simple: remove the filth and improve the sanitary and health services. But to the 19th century mindset, ideas on infection and sanitation and their relevance to health was yet to be established, and this is where the role of medicine came in. The role of sanitation in a disease like cholera was first commented on by a surgeon called John Snow.John Snow......published in 1849 his opinion that cholera was spread by the pollution of drinking water by sewage......Snow's original publication received little official attention, the miasmatists being bent on campaigning vigorously against filth in general as a cause of 'poisoned air'. Two of the three persons most celebrated for their interest in hea lth in Victorian times, Edwin Chadwick and Florence Nightingale, remained miasmatists all their lives. ..... Nevertheless, the realization of the miasmatists that cholera was at its worst in insanitary places led to widespread national protests against the evils of the open sewers, the defective drains, the foul ditches and the refuse-littered streets of the towns of the 1840s.(Seaman,1995)

Disaster & Emergency Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Disaster & Emergency Planning - Essay Example Basically, in the times of emergencies, cooperation between different response agencies and the general public together becomes very important. The principle of information sharing would help the community and the response agencies to prepare in advance. The local responders should be given the duty of regular risk assessment. The risks can vary from flooding, storm, etc. to terrorist attacks and chemical accidents. During and after the disaster, business continuity becomes a key issue and the stakeholders involved should focus on it. Advice and assistance to business and voluntary organizations become important together with monitoring and enforcement (Schneid & Collins, 2001).In the UK, the Civil Contingencies Act (CCA) 2004 provides an important framework based on the principles of emergency planning. Emergency planning must involve a consistent level of civil protection activity based on the synchronization of the Category 1 and 2 responders. The framework provided by the Act doe s not aim to change the ways of civil protection radically. Instead, it provides that the emergency planning should be based on the existing processes and systems. The framework provides a common platform to the decentralized functionary of local responders who would act according to the local circumstances during a disaster. The Integrated Emergency Management (IEM) under the framework of CCA 2004 finally comprises of six activities: anticipation, assessment, prevention, preparation, response, and recovery. and recovery. (HM Government, 2005) However, it is still needed that the principles of emergency planning be more dynamic to address the problems of our social systems which are becoming more complex with the lapse of time. Interaction between public and response agencies should be steadily increased. Strategy for Communicating Risks The CCA 2004 provides clear directive that the response agencies should be agile enough to improve the community behaviour in the face of a disaste r. The responders must communicate the risks and provide accurate information to the community in time. There should be a warning and information system at the local level within the framework of CCA 2004. The duty

India Caste System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

India Caste System - Essay Example The Viashyas were merchants, farmers, carpenters while the Shudras were the tenant farmers, laborious. Towards the edge of the hierarchy were the untouchables’. The untouchables considered outcasts practiced activities such as scavenging and animal skinning. The untouchable activities were considered unclean and polluting. They were to be far away from other castes. For instance, if their shadows were within the visibility of the Brahmans then the Brahmans would be polluted. The Hindu laws insisted on only four castes excluding the untouchables and they would face criminal charges by their polluting presence. The Brahmans were allowed to give their food to people of other castes but would not be given food from other castes. This would be considered pollution. These barriers limited interactions (Singh 35). The caste systems shared some commonalities. For instant the castes were hereditary. Individual born in a particular caste belonged to that very caste and it was impossible to shift to other castes. Another commonality was that the systems were endogamous. Marriage was only acceptable between those of the same caste (Singh 34). Below the Varnas was the sub castes referred to as Jatis. Each Jati comprised of people of the same occupation. A person born from a particular Jati is a member of that Jati by the virtue of birth (Singh 35). The elements of the castes are hierarchical, hereditary and repulsion. The hierarchical element discourages and does not accommodate the rise of status of a group and mixture of occupation. There are rule that India caste system impose that if not adhered to may result into one status being lowered form one caste system to another. The most vital characteristic is endogamy and occupation restriction. Violation of the above rules results in excommunication from the family as well as caste. Another restriction is on diet and food habits of the members. According to castes only certain foods would be

Causes and effects related to the success of the phenomenon of video Essay

Causes and effects related to the success of the phenomenon of video games - Essay Example Cause 1 During the course of this discussion we would specifically be looking at the different causes and effects that have contributed to the success of proliferating this culture. A major cause for the expansion of the video game industry in recent times has been the ever mushrooming entertainment industry of US in particular. With the passage of time as the entire entertainment market of the country has undergone diversification novel frontiers have been explored for launching and marketing a product. For the fulfillment of this purpose the gaming industry has proved to be the economic backbone. Fiction based movies that are based on comic book or mythical characters such as Batman, Spiderman, Harry Potter or Hercules before their release launch their video games in order to ensure that the gain accessibility to address the needs and requirements of every market segment. Since children in any form play the most proactive role of determining the success or failure of a product it i s important that their needs are addressed accordingly. (Flew. 113) Effect A concomitant effect of this has been observed in the development of extremely violent behavioral attitudes among children. Many of these games that are based on comic books characters contain intense violent and brutal ways of killing enemies as a result of which they have an overwhelmingly profound effect on the behavioral development of children. In addition to this many of these games also contain highly vituperative and inflammatory language which after developing a habit if playing these games children inherits with utmost ease. Another effect of the video game culture that is also important to mention in this context is that by getting addicted to this culture many people begin to believe in the existence of a fantasized world comprising of all these superheroes none of which exist in reality. Hence video games can also be accused for presenting fantasy in such a realistic way that is becomes more real istic than reality itself. Cause 2 The global gaming industry which is handled primarily by the technological kingpins of United States is also overwhelmingly influenced by the political operations and military affairs that are taking place in the country. We are all well aware about the military turbulence that the United States is currently going through. This is simultaneously reflected and projected in the content and storyline of the games that are prepared by the gaming industry. Many of the games such as Call of Duty, Delta Force and Medal of Honor are based on war missions many of which are based in either Afghanistan, Iraq or in any different country of the world. Even though on a technological scale these games are simply flawless, but they do develop and impose their effects on the members of a society in rather subtle ways. Effect One of such effect has been in the form of developing and incorporating stereotypes in the minds of their people regarding different nations a nd their civilians respectively. For instance, there remains less discussion about the fact that the West has long portrayed Arabs either in the role of nomads or greedy oil sheiks. Similarly, the women belonging to these countries have been characterized either as belly dancers or people who are continuously subdued or oppressed by their husbands. This kind of projection has further cemented in the minds of American people with the

Protein Supplements for Enhancing Sports Performance Essay

Protein Supplements for Enhancing Sports Performance - Essay Example As the discussion stresses BCAA   is believed   to delay   fatigue in   the central   nervous system   as it   enhances performance   in prolonged   aerobic endurance   activities by   increasing the   ratio of   BCAA: free tryptophan   thus mitigating   the formation   of serotonin. Studies have   led to   the conclusion   that   BCAA   supplementation reduces   mental fatigue   during prolonged   exercises. It also improves physical performance and cognitive performance after exercise. These findings   have however   not been deemed   sufficient enough   to qualify   BCAA   as an   effective ergogenic. Experts have   therefore recommended   more investigations   to be carried   out on   BCAA.This paper highlights that  glutamine is an important fuel for some cells of the immune system. For example, lymphocytes and macrophage. Prolonged intense exercise can reduce these cells in the body. Muscle glycogen synth esis can be promoted by glutamine. Although glutamine   can stimulate   muscle glycogen   synthesis, ingestion of   adequate carbohydrate   alone has   no advantage.  Aspartic acid   is an   amino acid   made up   of potassium   and magnesium   aspartates as   its salts. The aspartates   have been   used as   ergogenics by   enhancing fatty   acid metabolism   and sparing   utilization of   muscle glycogen.

Christina of Markyate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christina of Markyate - Essay Example Christina was educated which also made her unusual for her time period. Through a unique biography written during her time, Christina has become immortal through literary history in the story of her life and of the many ways in which she fought to hold true to her virtue in order to serve God. The book, The Life of Christina of Markyate: A Twelfth Century Recluse is intended to provide readers an insight into the life of a prioress so that they can live by her example. It is believed that the surviving copy of the book was written near the middle of the fourteenth century, perhaps written at St Albans under the direction of John of Tynemouth for a series on the lives of saints that he was assembling. The original text is available which is written in one persons handwriting, although there are notes on the pages from others, and is said to be quite beautiful (Talbot 1). The manuscript, that came to belong to Sir Robert Cotton and was within the Cottonian collection, was damaged durin g the fire of 1731. However, only the first page and the last page seemed to have sustained any significant damage (Talbot 3). The only things that are known of the one who wrote the biography is that he was a monk in the monastery of St. Albans. It is clear that the biography, in its original form, was written by someone who was close to Christina and who was very familiar with Geoffrey de Gorham, the wealthy abbot of St Albans who offered support to Christina. The writer refers to ‘our monastery’, thus creating the impression that the monastery where Christina made her place, St Albans, is also his monastery (Talbot 6). Through the personalized way in which he describes the lives of the characters in her life, it is probable that he knew them all. Christiana was born into an Anglo-Saxon noble family at the end of the 11th century. Her name was originally Theodora, but she changed her name to Christina. Her family was in danger, however, because of the French occupatio n of England and in this situation, the Anglo-Saxon nobility was almost powerless. Christina went with her family to St Alban to pray and the effect that the visit had on her was to turn her devotion to God. She swore her virginal state to God as a devotion to a life in his service. However, a man decided to marry her and asked her father for permission. Her biography suggests a great many ways in which her parents tried to trick her into losing her virginity to her future husband, but through her own tricks and prayer, she was able to keep sacred her virginity (Amt 139). Christina is portrayed as being very intelligent, an intelligence that is recognized by her parents. One of the aspects of Medieval life for women was in the commoditization of their lives. Women were essentially sold into marriage in exchange for whatever the parents of that woman needed, whether that be political considerations, money, or social prestige. Through Christina, her parents could find a match that wou ld benefit their lives. Talbot translates that her biography states â€Å"For if she remained chaste in love of Christ, they feared they would lose her, and all that they could hope to gain through her† (Talbot 69). As a woman, Christina was intended to be a product rather than a person, an object rather than the subject of her own life. In her refusal to her parents in front of the Fredebertus of the monastery, she states â€Å".

Protein Supplements for Enhancing Sports Performance Essay

Protein Supplements for Enhancing Sports Performance - Essay Example As the discussion stresses BCAA   is believed   to delay   fatigue in   the central   nervous system   as it   enhances performance   in prolonged   aerobic endurance   activities by   increasing the   ratio of   BCAA: free tryptophan   thus mitigating   the formation   of serotonin. Studies have   led to   the conclusion   that   BCAA   supplementation reduces   mental fatigue   during prolonged   exercises. It also improves physical performance and cognitive performance after exercise. These findings   have however   not been deemed   sufficient enough   to qualify   BCAA   as an   effective ergogenic. Experts have   therefore recommended   more investigations   to be carried   out on   BCAA.This paper highlights that  glutamine is an important fuel for some cells of the immune system. For example, lymphocytes and macrophage. Prolonged intense exercise can reduce these cells in the body. Muscle glycogen synth esis can be promoted by glutamine. Although glutamine   can stimulate   muscle glycogen   synthesis, ingestion of   adequate carbohydrate   alone has   no advantage.  Aspartic acid   is an   amino acid   made up   of potassium   and magnesium   aspartates as   its salts. The aspartates   have been   used as   ergogenics by   enhancing fatty   acid metabolism   and sparing   utilization of   muscle glycogen.

Children Youth and Environments Journal Essay Example for Free

Children Youth and Environments Journal Essay The Role of the Youth in Establishing Unity in a Diversified Multicultural Society Years passed, adults have tried to control youth because they represent the future. Young people often fight back, trying to create their own world that is separate from their parents. At the end of World War II they were finally given a name: â€Å"teen-agers,† an ideal of young people as consumers. That model for youth spread around the world, and still exists today. Throughout history, young people have played an active role in shaping major social and political advancements. Today’s growing globalization and cross-border movements create an environment, which is increasingly diverse in terms of culture and religion. Young people’s contribution to understanding the impact of this diversity on everyday life as well as politics is now more crucial than ever. Moreover, as they constitute the largest segment of population in many regions, the role of youth in shaping their country’s response to cultural and religious diversity is vital. We clearly see youth as an essential asset – a crucial pool of talent, ideas and energy – that plays a critical role in addressing the challenges related to global and local instability. We must get control of this. We must motivate our youth. We must teach responsibility and goal setting. I fear if we do not we will soon be supporting an entire generation of homeless and needlessly on welfare families. Things have to change, with our schools, with the older generation being good role models, with the older generation being mentors, and with the youth who are right now doing nothing. We believe that it is important to recognize young people’s own contribution to promoting respect and understanding and fostering dialogue among people of different backgrounds. With teenage unemployment soaring, young people can no longer influence the world with their wallets. As student protests began exploding across the globe this fall, we felt compelled to [continues]

Child Abuse: Long term harms

Child Abuse: Long term harms Parents today dont realize that the harm that they are doing to their children will eventually be passed down from generation to generation; their children are todays abused tomorrows abusers. Obviously, parents or guardians will not understand the impact that is caused to their child until they acknowledging there childs choice in life style. In particular, child abuse is a mistreatment of a child by a parent or guardian, including neglect, beating, and, sexual molestation (Salus). Child abuse has an enormous impact among many families globally because child abuse is a detrimental aspect of a childs life as well as the developmental stages in a childs life, which would cause them to have physical, psychological, or behavioral consequences as they grow. Therefore, the maltreatment and neglect in child abuse is a causative factor in youth suicide, crime, homeless, mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse as well as unemployment in a victims life span (info,†¦.). In particular, there are parents, guardians and even caregivers that would imply that an injury resulting from abuse is accidental because they did not intended to hurt the child. For example, some guardians that discipline there children could be abusing them psychologically or even physically (Asseal). Additionally, people would think that the way they discipline a child is perfectly fine because they want them to learn how to do it the proper way (Bissel). The parental or guardian will always try to make the right choice which would be either to let it go or punish the child. To summarize, people will never know how much the discipline or punishment can lead to in the long run. My expository thesis statement is child abuse is an enormous problem among many families globally because child abuse is a detrimental aspect of a childs life as well as the developmental stages in a childs life, which would cause them to have physical, psychological, or behavioral consequences as they grow . Indeed, many people say that child abuse should be legal because an injury resulting from physical abuse is not accidental the parent or caregiver may not have intended to hurt the child. However, child abuse shouldnt be legalize under any certain circumstance because children can end up with physical, psychological or even behavioral consequences. Initially, child abuse should not be legalized under any circumstance because as children get older they can generate a physical consequence. It is stated that physical abuse is among of the top three largest types of child abuse that affect the children globally. For instance, during 2003 18.9 percent of children were physically abused (Services,†¦). Likewise, more than one-quarter of children who had been in foster care for longer than 12 months had some lasting or recurring health problem (Bissell). As a result it has been shown, in some cases, to cause important regions of the brain to fail to form or grow properly, resulting in impaired development (Bissell). In some cases the physical effects are temporary; however, the pain and suffering they cause a child should not be discounted (Families,..). The immediate physical effects of abuse can be relatively minor like bruises or cuts or severe where there are broken bones, hemorrhage, or even death (Bissell). If this type of a buse can be prevented it should be prevented because every day three out of ten children die. Studies also state that child abuse would affect a childs young development and are prone to physical consequences. Whereas, if the child have extremely abusive guardians the child will tends to end up with physical consequences. In summation, if children have physical consequence due the child abuse, we dont we do more to prevent it? Next child abuse has different consequences such as psychological which affect a childs development mentally. Furthermore, research shows that children that are abuse will have one of the psychological consequences. About 80% of 21 year olds that were abused as children met criteria for at least one psychological consequence (Salus). To illustrate, as many as 80 percent of young adults who had been abused met the diagnostic criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder at age 21 (Salus). In addition, these young adults exhibited many problems, including anxiety, eating disorders, suicide attempts, and posttraumatic stress disorder (service, †¦). The immediate emotional effects of abuse and neglect isolation, fear, and an inability to trust can translate into lifelong consequences, including low self-esteem, depression, and relationship difficulties (Salus). Depression and withdrawal symptoms were common among children as young as 3 who experienced emotional, physical, or enviro nmental neglect (information,†¦). Due to abuse the child can have a dramatic impact on a child when they are young which means as they get older they can develop a psychological consequence. Obviously, children who experience rejection or neglect are more likely to develop antisocial traits as they grow up (PerantalRights.org). Children that have a psychological consequence due to child abuse have problems opening up to people. As a result, of child abuse that leads to psychological consequences is this research worth the cost? For children globally, that have been abused will have behavioral consequences as they grow older. In other words, they will not know how to control the life nor the choices they are making along the way. Due to the abusers, in the long run children that have been abused will more likely appear to have behavioral consequences at a young age and as they get older. Consequently, children who experience child abuse and neglect are 59 percent more likely to be arrested as a juvenile, 28 percent more likely to be arrested as an adult, and 30 percent more likely to commit violent crime (Bissell). In particular, studies have shown that abused and neglected children are at least 25 percent more likely to experience problems such as delinquency, teen pregnancy, low academic achievement, drug use, and mental health problems (Dawkins). Similarly, the possible consequence of child abuse can vary on the circumstance of the childs form of abuse (Familie,†¦). According to a National Institute of Justice study, abused and neglected children were 11 times more likely to be arrested for criminal behavior as a juvenile and 3.1 times more likely to be arrested for one of many forms of violent crime (Asseal). Research consistently reflects an increased likelihood that abused and neglected children will smoke cigarettes, abuse alcohol, or take illicit drugs during their lifetime (Claims†¦). Even though people dont think that a behavioral consequence is possible due to child abuse it is and it will affect the child in a young stage of their life. Therefore, child abuse should be controlled so that children do not have to go through all these ups and down with all their wrong choices. In conclusion, child abuse shouldnt be legalized under any certain circumstance for the reason that children can end up with physical, psychological or even behavioral consequences. Furthermore, child abuse has a great contribution in many families globally, as a result of child abuse which is be a detrimental aspect in a childs life as well as in their developmental stages. Since, child abuse occurs at every socioeconomic level, across ethnic and cultural lines, within all religions and at all levels of education. Taking one simple action and reporting child abuse will help prevent a child from being abuse. As well as giving those whom have been abused hope for a brighter future. However, child abuse does not go away, but 90 percent of those who are abused are preventable. For instance, if a parent would stop and just think for a minute about the consequences that may occur to the child in the long run, they would not think of abusing the child. Therefore, there would be just one le ss child being abused.

The Civil war Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Civil War  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the United States, the southern states' economies were mainly based on agriculture, but not any normal kind of agriculture, they were based on the agriculture of slave labor. Slavery was deeply ingrained in the culture, so much that only a war could stop it. This war was a gruesome war, made far worse because of the advent of modern rifles, combined with an ignorance of advanced military tactics and lack of medical knowledge. At the time, the method common method of warfare was to line up on a big field and stand up and then shoot. The time that the war occurred was pre-germ theory, methods of antiseptics were unknown. This made it so that great damage would be inflicted upon a person, but there would be no way to properly heal treat it. This combination of factors made this war a particularly bloody and devastating one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A main factor of this war was that the social entrenchment of slavery ran particularly deep. The institution of slavery had been in place since the first colonies were established in the Americas. Early in American history, when the Constitution of the United States was drafted, slavery was also part of the institution. The southern states wouldn’t have ratified the Cons if slavery were outlawed. The Constitution of the United States was held to be the most holy of documents regarding law. Yet even these â€Å"high principled people† and â€Å"educated and sophisticated hierarchs† that approved and created the constitution left grievous discrepancies that later cause a terribly bloody war. If they had taken a clear stance on anti-slavery, the southern states would never have joined the Union. They discretely mentioned slavery in three different sections, but never out right say that it is legal, or illegal. It gave people the right to sue agai nst slavery. And that put doubt (whether they should be in the union) and fear into southern slaveholder’s hearts. This fear and suspicion was only deepened by the growing abolitionist movement, and gin. The cotton gin was of particular importance because much more cotton could be processed. That meant that more acreage could be planted and harvested. This created a huge increase in the am... ...vernment of Great Britain to have become destructive of these ends, the declared the colonies ‘are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown.† By that argument they are saying that it has all been done before, look, you yourself did it, so don’t be unjust and let us break away like you did.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The citizens South Carolina were feeling that they had been violated and abused by the breaking of a viable contract. The northern states were trying to take away their inalienable rights, and they would stand for it. President Lincoln tried to make it clear that â€Å"I hold that, in contemplation of universal law and of the constitution of the Union of these States is perpetual.† South Carolina and all of the other southern states simply did not listen. Lincoln tried to talk sense into them, counter arguing their every point but they would not take any middle ground, as they felt they had already tried that. When it came down to fighting, Lincoln had the high moral ground, and not only that, the larger, more advanced, and better equipped armies. Lincoln tried to not push the point but he was forced to attempt to keep the union together by any means necessary.

Bontsha And Gimpel :: essays research papers

Faith is believed to be one of the most important elements attached to the life of a human being. Faith brings meaning to life. It is the essence that ties a person to life no matter the struggle encountered. Whenever some one looses faith in the people of their society, all he has felt is a religious believe which can be translated into “faith in God(s)';. In the stories “Bontsha the Silent'; and “Gimpel the Fool'; by Isaac Loeb Peretz and Isaac Bashevis Singer respectively, the protagonists are victims of tremendous sufferings, where faith is the only way out. However, the faith focused by both authors differ somewhat. Peretz prioritizes faith in the divine, while Singer elaborates faith in man around their protagonists. First, in his tale “Bontsha the Silent';, Peretz seems to suggest that a person who has lost faith in man ought to have, at least, faith God. One must not go without faith just because he had run into some sort of difficulty or been victim of injustice during his life. Peretz expresses his believe through the main character, Bontsha. He describes Bontsha as the most unfortunate imaginable human being on earth and yet never complaining about his adversity. Ever since the first day Bontsha was born, no one has cared of him. He was born with silence and passed away with silence. During his lifetime, he had to haul heavy loads stumbling at each step and begged for the pennies that were rightfully his, and even then, sometimes he did not get paid. Further, he knew he had been taken advantage of, and still, he remained silent. Once he had run into luck by saving a man’s life who then made him a coachman and married him off. But his luck did not last for long, as his great benef actor and philanthropist went into bankruptcy and never got what he had earned. Peretz develops his character in such way implying that perhaps Bontsha had so much faith in God that he did not care any of his sufferings; he lost hope with mankind. When all faith for man is lost, one should at least believe in God for he might be rewarded in “the other world';. Indeed, when Bontsha dies, he rewarded for having maintained his faith in God and never complained to him. Second, in “Gimpel the Fool';, Singer demonstrates the importance of faith in man one must have.

Castaway Movie Analysis-Journeys

‘Castaway ‘, directed by Robert Zemeckis, is a 2001 film starring Tom Hanks. Hanks stars as Chuck Noland, a FedEx delivery man whose life is headed in the ‘right direction’, until his plane crashes and he is stranded on an island. He must adapt to his new life on the island; overcoming many obstacles in order to survive. ‘Castaway’ explores three different journeys; physical, inner and imaginative. Chuck Noland is a filmic representation of the philosophy of time equals money equals fulfilment.Zemeckis is deliberate in his obvious manipulation of the responder as he uses a multitude of filmic techniques to create a connection between the audience and Chuck. The physical journey in ‘Castaway’ is Chuck’s struggle to survive all the obstacles of living on the island and his journey to get home. On the island his inner journey of self discovery is about learning what is really important in life. After he returns home he must learn to adapt to normal society and overcome his traumatic ordeal. Chuck’s imagination is also taken on a journey when he creates a companion out of a volleyball, whom he shares all his ideas and secrets with. Castaway’ is a film that is rife with symbolism. The director has purposefully included an array of different signs that convey various meanings and concepts within the film. The first shot of the film is that of an old road and as the camera pans to the left we see a van driving towards a crossroads. Immediately, these images of the road and the crossroads connote that a journey is going to take place. They symbolises that the unknown protagonist is going to come to a point in his life where he will be unable to decide where he is going.As a result of the cyclic structure of the film, we see Chuck both physically and mentally arrive at the same crossroads from the opening scene. As a result of his years spent on the island is undecided about where he is heading so h e pulls over and is given directions. He moves out into the middle of the crossroads and considers which of the four roads he wants to travel; knowing that whichever option he takes will lead to a different destination both physically and internally. The film ends with a close up of Chuck’s face as he gazes down his chosen path.The responder is left in a state of deliberate uncertainty about which path he has chosen. The audience can be certain of one thing; his choices in life will be forever influenced by his ordeal. By leaving the ending open to interpretation, Zemeckis leaves the responder debating over which direction Chuck would have headed both in his car, and in his life. During the film we see the package with the angels wings painted on it frequently. The parcel becomes the first person as we follow it to the destination. This personifies the package and gives the responder the impression that this package will be almost like another character.This package is one th at washes up on the island with Chuck and is the only package he does not open. Wings are symbolic of flying and being lifted. The wings package raises Chuck’s spirits and gives him hope that one day he will be able to deliver the package to its owner. The audience never find out what was in the parcel. This fosters a sense of mystery and intrigue in the responder. Would the contents of the box have changed the outcome of Chuck’s life? Time is a motif that is heavily emphasised in this film. Clocks are effectively placed in the mis en scene, demonstrating that Chucks’ life is controlled by time.He believes organisation and time management is the key to his happiness. The gift his girlfriend, Kelly, gives him is a pocket watch with her picture inside and it is one of his only possessions on the island. While on the island the importance he placed on time fades, as his life is now run by nature. He finds himself alone with a limitless amount of time but with nothi ng to do during it. He stares at the watch for long periods, not because of time but because of the picture of Kelly in it. Like the wings package she becomes his symbol of hope and his motivation to get off the island.His determination and faith serve to evoke optimism within the responder and it gives them hope that Chuck will continue to survive until he gets off the island. The impact time has on his life is also evident when he is admonishing FedEx employees. He states â€Å"We live or we die by the clock. Never allow ourselves to commit the sin of losing track of time. † He says the same thing to the volleyball, Wilson, when he is planning their escape off the island. The context of when he says it changes the meaning of this quote.The first time it is said he is passionately trying to get workers to be more efficient and the quote is an exaggeration. The second time Chuck makes this remark, death is actually a serious option. Although the timing of his escape is import ant to him, time is not what is driving him anymore, instead his desire to get back to Kelly. The volleyball, Wilson, becomes Chuck’s only companion on the island. Wilson is Chuck’s need for companionship personified. Wilson is a part of Chuck as Wilson’s face is made of his blood and is the physical manifestation of Chuck’s mental state. â€Å"I know you. Chuck repeats to Wilson and this signifies that Chuck is aware that Wilson is a part of him while demonstrating Chuck trying to reassure himself of who he is. When Wilson is lost at sea, Chuck is devastated at losing his ‘friend’ and one of the only things kept him sane on the island. Chuck’s palpable anguish evokes sympathy and grief within the responder. Chuck’s physical journeys are common and the directors’ choice of having him works for FedEx is intentional. The scene where the audience is shown photographs of him with various modes of transportation also indicate that Chuck is a well travelled man.However, he does not understand what life is really about. It is not until he is stranded physically that his inner journey begins and he realises what is really important in life. This concept forces the responder to ask themselves whether what they value most in life is really all that important. The use of diegetic and non-diegetic sounds is particularly effectual in contrasting Chuck’s life on the island with that of his old life. For the whole time that Chuck is on the island only diegetic sounds such as waves, wind and thunder is heard.The sounds of wildlife have been cut from the scene also. Zemeckis has done this to highlight the fact that Chuck is completely isolated. The first non-diegetic music we hear is when Chuck is watching the island disappear in the mist as he rows away. Even without the visual we know that Chuck is now leaving the island. The lighting in ‘Castaway’ is central in showing Chuck’s isolatio n on the island. During storms, especially the initial one which causes Chuck’s plane to crash, lightning and moonlight is all the light used in the scene.The lightning during the storms is hard key lighting and creates a sense of fear danger on screen and amongst the audience. The shadows that are cast on Chuck’s face from fire light and lightning show his vulnerability and panic. Zemeckis uses over the shoulder shots and close ups frequently on the island. This is done so the responder feels as though they are on that island with Chuck. The point of view shots that are used on the island are particularly useful in showing Chucks’ isolation. At numerous points we see the vast expanse of ocean through Chuck’s point of view.This technique once again highlights his loneliness and desperation to find another living companion. The bird’s eye view shots show Chuck, alone, surrounded by nature, highlighting his solitude. Panning camera movement is used r epeatedly to introduce the viewer to the landscape of the scene. Zemeckis uses zoom to focus the responder’s attention on Chuck which enables them to discern his emotions from his facial expression, rather than dialogue. There is minimal dialogue used in ‘Castaway’. This is again used to demonstrate the characters segregation but it also serves another purpose.Minimal dialogue places greater emphasis on the other devices such as camera usage, music and lighting and it relies on these devices to convey the journeys. The 2001 drama film, ‘Castaway’ is an excellent example of a film encompassing physical, inner and imaginative journeys. The director, Robert Zemeckis, has exploited numerous filmic devices to allow the responder to experience the film as though it were reality. His effective use of symbolism, camera shots and angles, sound and lighting influences the responders’ view of the film.

Endeavour Journal Essay

This journey followed close upon the visit of the expedition on Tahiti to observe the transit of Venus. On 8 June 1769 the transit of Venus was successfully observed from three different points. After fulfilling his mission on Tahiti Cook resumed his voyage to fulfil the task given to him secretly by the Royal Society. On 7 September 1769 the Endeavour reached New Zealand, which had never been visited by any European after Abel Janszoon Tasman had discovered it on 13 December 1642. Tasman’s stay at New Zealand was not successful in the means of its discovery. No trading had been done between the native Maori and Tasman’s crew. The first discovery by the Dutch businessmen Tasman was only the western coastline of New Zealand, which had been mapped afterwards. The first seven days of the journal had been taking place at ‘Cannibals Cove’ where the HMS Endeavour anchored for about twenty-three days. James Cook has given the name after he had an encounter with indigenous people, which will be described in the following. During the stay Joseph Banks refers to several encounter with indigenous people of New Zealand. He describes the behaviour and findings in a large extend. As an example he describes the encounter of members of HMS Endeavour’s crew and a double canoe. They have been told that the indigenous people lost a female child that according to their narrative â€Å"had been stole and eat by some of their neighbours†. Another group of crewmembers reported that they have met people who told them that they ate a child the day before. As a result of these stories Banks describes the conclusions of the crew as thefts of this kind are common for those Indians. Afterwards he tries to analyse and evaluate these stories. He assumes that the crewmembers met the same people and interpreted the stories differently which have been told by the indigenous people. Nevertheless he does not exclude this either, since families that came of to the ship â€Å"often brought women and young children in arms as if they were afraid to leave them behind. † Banks’ interest in the indigenous people of New Zealand can also be illustrated by his encounter of an Indian family. He describes them as being affable, obliging and unsuspicious and observed any order or subordination. By making known his regret of not being able to stay with the family for one night his interest in people and their behaviour can be seen. On the following days Banks describes how the exploration of the Cook Straits took place. The officers’ spread their thought that the land they have been round might be an isthmus that is between their current position (Cook Strait) and the Cape Turnagain, which they have last seen 17 October 1969. To confirm this Cook ordered the crew to sail northward until the cape could be seen. Whilst sailing in this direction HMS Endeavour came across indigenous people which in Banks’ journal entries are described as richer and more cleanly than any people they have seen since their stay at the Bay of Islands 3 November 1769. This makes him believe that they might have met subordinates of the Dominions of Teratu. As it turned out they were not this kind of people and thus they had to go on sailing northward looking for a well-known part of New Zealand. On 9 February 1770 an important discovery had been made. Cape Turnagain came back into sight, which proved that the land, they had been visiting, is an island. Besides Banks’ depictions of the exploration of New Zealand and the description of the indigenous people in huge detail he described Albatrosses and other animals to a small extend. His task as botanist plays a minor part during these days. By shooting Albatrosses as often as possible he tries to nourish the crew with fresh meat. The last four days of the journal at hand take place at the east coast of the future southern island of New Zealand. On 16 February 1770 Banks reports the sighting of a new island. This island will be later called â€Å"Banks’s Island† according to the chart of New Zealand based on Cook’s mapping. The fact that this is not an island but rather part of the southern island of New Zealand will be unknown for the rest of the journey. This error happened because Captain John Gore believed that he saw land in south eastward direction. To pursue this Cook decided to follow this direction and validate Gore’s assumption so â€Å"that nobody should say he had left land behind unsought†. On 18 February 1770 Banks states that no land could be found and the voyage will continue in westward direction. In the journals’ last entry Banks describes the discovery of land that might be either part of the New Zealand or the beginning of the southern island, which they have long yearned for. What can be seen in this part of the journal is the personal conflict of Banks. Intelligence obtained by the Indians during their last anchoring stop tells them that this might only be an island, nevertheless Banks does not want to let go of the â€Å"strong hopes that we had at last completed our wishes and that this was absolutely a part of the Southern continent†. The journal at hand includes without limitation information on the discovery of the Cook Strait and exploration of New Zealand. The subsequent days of the journey will clarify if the land they have spotted is either part of the southern continent or an island on its own. Nevertheless an outcome of this journey so far is a detailed map of northern New Zealand and the discovery of the isthmus between the northern island and the southern part. The nature of this journal is a very objective description of the happenings during the voyage.

Impact Of Technology On Architecture Essay

What impact has technology had on architecture of the 20th century? Throughout the nineteenth century, architecture refused to have anything to do with industry; it had been concerned solely with monumental projects glorifying the state and giant civic structures expressing the pride of its people. This however, all changed with the dawn of the twentieth century. Industrial production became an integral part of modern society and a new relationship was forged between man and machine. From the nineteen hundreds on, architecture was viewed in this new light. Modernism and the optimistic belief that architecture could change the future of society through a synthesis of science and technology was the result. It reflected a new ideal for humanity – one that linked man to a new rational culture in tune with mechanization and efficiency. Technology directly affected architecture by facilitating the creation of new materials with which to build. These new materials freed the architect from engineering limitations of the past and allowed for new rational designs based on a buildingOs function. But most importantly, these designs were given form by a new optimistic ideal – that rational design would make for a rational society. Technology transformed architecture into a tool for social and cultural reform. The industrial revolution gave three new materials to the architect of the 20th century: reinforced concrete, steel and glass. The new materials were inexpensive, mass produced and flexible to use. These affected American cities profoundly by allowing greater density through higher buildings. Imagine the typical office floor plate as we know it: open space with a few columns. You couldn’t go as high or have such long spans between columns with timber frame. Chicago is a great example of the kind of boom that occured with this kind of new building technology. One need only to look to the Carson Pirie Scott Building built by Loius H. Sullivan in 1906 to understand the effect that new materials had on architecture of that era (fig.#1). With its wide spans, large horizontal windows and non load-bearing walls, the building has a much lighter and more open feeling than that of  its predecessors. The Carson Pirie Scott buildingOs elevation is expressive of the Chicago Steel frame s tyle made possible by industry. Another example of how new materials affected architecture is the Apartments at 25 bis Rue Franklin in Paris designed by August Perret (fig. #2). He used reinforced concrete for the skeleton of this building , which is visible on its exterior, and which gives it an overall impression of lightness. This also allowed Perret to open up his floor plan in ways that were previously restructed in wood frame construction; the size of the windows was only limited by Paris bye-laws. Structure became expedient, quick to build and flexible to use. Along with Elisha OtisOs electric elevator, these materials – as a direct result of technology – gave birth to the sky scraper and changed the face of architecture forever. Major new buildings projects churches. But more fundamental was the recognition that a new free architecture was neccessary because of the emergence of new building types for which there was no provinance in the history of styles. There were a vast programme of building types – schools, collages, libraries and above all offices. Idealization of industry: > -elimination of ornament > -reduction of form to function(same as elimination of ornament, but > including function also as how space is used) > -expression of ‘essentials’ i.e. structure, skin, floorplate (see > Corb’s Domino house diagram) > -new kind of ethic in architecture-truth, honesty- to the point often of > puritanical fanaticism > -importance of light-almost as if it could cleanse (could make claim > about a purge of the post-grungy workshop industrial world of 19th > century, turning to ordered rationality of production) Lots of white > cleanable surfaces, emph on air and ventilation also. see Corb again > Villa Savoye: Raised off the ground (no dirt), white walls, open spaces, > fluid circulation(curved ramp), roof garden, ribbon wondows > -ideal of universality in architecture: modern materials coming from > industry prodused a standardization that was envisage to be applicable in > any climate and culture. Corporations naturally picked up on a universal > architectural culture (see â€Å"the International Style† by Johnson) > An > anecdote I heard from a visiting architect > who once had a beer with Mies van der Rohe. Asked Mies â€Å"What materials > would you use to build in Africa ?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Glass and Steel†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"What materials > would you use for a project in Finland ?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Glass and Steel† †¦ â€Å"But > how would you account for the diffecences in climate†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†Proportion† > (This is totally hilarious to architects or anyone who knows Mies well) > > Role of the car: > -look at FLWright’s Broad Acre City schemes- Utopian stuff about the role > of the car in the American landscape. His utopia of the 1930’s is > frighteningly close to what has actually happended to suburban†citie† > like Phoenix > -suburbs > -post-modern architecture emphasis of the legible image of the > architecture- simplified enogh for a building to be read at a glance from > behind the wheel of a car. See Robert Veturi’s ‘Learning From Las Vegas’ > a fun little book full of great insites that unfortunately spawned every > piece of tacky post modern architecture ever made. See Michael Graves > Portland Building for a dumb box with decoration aimed at communicating > mere image to the post modern eye dulled by the assault of T.V. and used > to the speed of a car Social engineers Yet, underlying all the vitality in all the continents was a theme that reflects the need to find something fundamental in architecture, something so real that from it a new style could be rationally developed. Buildings designed with a view to asthetic appeal.